{"id":98546,"date":"2026-09-20T02:44:58","date_gmt":"2026-09-20T00:44:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/beithazohar.com\/?page_id=98546"},"modified":"2026-09-20T03:02:14","modified_gmt":"2026-09-20T01:02:14","slug":"biblical-exegesis-zohar-wilhelm-bacher-1891","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/beithazohar.com\/en\/biblical-exegesis-zohar-wilhelm-bacher-1891\/","title":{"rendered":"Biblical Exegesis in the Zohar: Revisiting Wilhelm Bacher (1891)"},"content":{"rendered":"<style>body.postid-98546 .post-thumb-img-content,body.postid-98546 .post-thumb,body.postid-98546 .post-thumbnail{text-align:center}body.postid-98546 .post-thumb-img-content img,body.postid-98546 .post-thumb img,body.postid-98546 .post-thumbnail img{display:block;width:220px!important;height:220px!important;max-width:70vw;aspect-ratio:1\/1;object-fit:cover;object-position:center center;margin:18px auto 28px!important;border-radius:50%!important;border:3px solid #c5a35a;box-shadow:0 5px 18px rgba(0,0,0,.16)}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading uagb-block-bacher-author-en\"><h3 class=\"uagb-heading-text\">Around a text by Wilhelm Bacher<\/h3><div class=\"uagb-separator\">\u00a0<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"bacher-article-toc\"><h2>Table of Contents<\/h2><ul><li><a href=\"#an-article-published-in-two-installments-in-1891\">An article published in two installments in 1891<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#who-was-wilhelm-bacher\">Who was Wilhelm Bacher?<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#what-bacher-looks-for-in-the-zohar\">What Bacher looks for in the Zohar<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#reading-this-study-today\">Reading this study today<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#the-complete-text-brought-together-in-one-pdf\">The complete text brought together in one PDF<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#references\">References<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"has-drop-cap has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\"><em>In 1891, Wilhelm Bacher devoted two installments of the <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.persee.fr\/collection\/rjuiv\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Revue des \u00e9tudes juives<\/a><\/strong> to a decisive question: how does the Zohar read the Bible? Brought together here for the first time on Beit HaZohar as a single facsimile, these two texts show a nineteenth-century scholar attentive not only to mystical exegesis, but also to literal, rabbinic and philological modes of interpretation found in the Zoharic corpus.<\/em><\/p>\n\n<h4 class=\"has-ast-global-color-0-color has-text-color wp-block-heading\"><strong>An article published in two installments in 1891<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bacher\u2019s study appeared in volume 22 of the <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.persee.fr\/collection\/rjuiv\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Revue des \u00e9tudes juives<\/a><\/em> in two parts: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.persee.fr\/doc\/rjuiv_0484-8616_1891_num_22_43_3719\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the first in no. 43 (January-March 1891), pp. 33-46<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.persee.fr\/doc\/rjuiv_0484-8616_1891_num_22_44_3748\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the second, announced as \u201csuite et fin\u201d (\u201ccontinuation and conclusion\u201d), in no. 44 (April-June 1891), pp. 219-229<\/a>. Both records are available on Pers\u00e9e; their DOIs are <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3406\/rjuiv.1891.3719\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">10.3406\/rjuiv.1891.3719<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3406\/rjuiv.1891.3748\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">10.3406\/rjuiv.1891.3748<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The PDF below brings together the 25 pages of the study in their original order, restoring the article as a continuous whole while preserving the pagination and typography of the 1891 facsimile.<\/p>\n\n<h4 class=\"has-ast-global-color-0-color has-text-color wp-block-heading\"><strong>Who was Wilhelm Bacher?<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Wilhelm Bacher (1850-1913)<\/strong>, also known by his Hungarian first name Vilmos, was one of the major representatives of the modern academic study of Judaism in Central Europe. A rabbi, orientalist, philologist and historian of rabbinic literature, he taught at the Rabbinical Seminary of Budapest from its foundation in 1877 and became its director in 1907. His work covered biblical exegesis, Talmudic and Midrashic literature, Hebrew, Arabic and Judeo-Persian. The <em>Revue des \u00e9tudes juives<\/em>, to which he contributed regularly, published an obituary notice devoted to him in 1914.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">His scholarly profile is essential for understanding this article: Bacher does not read the Zohar as a practitioner of Kabbalah, but as a historian of exegesis. He seeks to identify reading techniques, borrowings, parallels and intellectual lineages. This gives his study lasting documentary value, even where some of its conclusions must now be placed within the state of scholarship at the end of the nineteenth century.<\/p>\n\n<h4 class=\"has-ast-global-color-0-color has-text-color wp-block-heading\"><strong>What Bacher looks for in the Zohar<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The article\u2019s main interest lies in shifting the reader\u2019s perspective. While the Zohar is commonly associated with mystical and symbolic interpretation, Bacher also gathers passages in which forms of <em>peshat<\/em>, philological reasoning, parallels with medieval exegetes and methods inherited from rabbinic tradition can be observed. He therefore asks how the Zohar mobilizes Scripture and what intellectual environments it may reflect.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">His reading pays particular attention to possible relationships with medieval Jewish exegesis in Spain and Provence, as well as with commentators such as Rashi, Abraham ibn Ezra, David Kimhi and other authorities cited or echoed by the text. For Bacher, these parallels function both as exegetical observations and as historical clues.<\/p>\n\n<h4 class=\"has-ast-global-color-0-color has-text-color wp-block-heading\"><strong>Reading this study today<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bacher must nevertheless be read historically. In the opening lines of his study, he presents the question of the Zohar\u2019s medieval origin as largely settled and gives a central place to Moses de Le\u00f3n. This orientation had a major influence on twentieth-century scholarship. More recent research, however, has complicated the idea of a single author: a significant part of current scholarship describes Zoharic literature as a <a href=\"https:\/\/beithazohar.com\/en\/la-composition-du-zohar-manuscrits-bnf\/\">layered and collective corpus<\/a> connected with several authors, circles or stages of composition, even though Moses de Le\u00f3n remains a central figure in its formation and transmission.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This historical distance is precisely what makes the article valuable. It shows how, as early as 1891, a historical reading of the Zohar was being organized around biblical exegesis, while also preserving numerous observations and textual parallels that remain useful independently of debates over authorship and dating.<\/p>\n\n<h4 class=\"has-ast-global-color-0-color has-text-color wp-block-heading\"><strong>The complete text brought together in one PDF<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This facsimile brings together the two installments published in 1891: <strong>pp. 33-46<\/strong>, followed by <strong>pp. 219-229<\/strong>. The scans come from the digitized copy of the <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.persee.fr\/collection\/rjuiv\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Revue des \u00e9tudes juives<\/a><\/em> available through Google Books; the bibliographic references were checked against <a href=\"https:\/\/www.persee.fr\/doc\/rjuiv_0484-8616_1891_num_22_43_3719\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pers\u00e9e<\/a>. The historical article itself is in French.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To continue on Beit HaZohar, see <a href=\"https:\/\/beithazohar.com\/en\/la-composition-du-zohar-manuscrits-bnf\/\">The Composition of the Zohar: BnF manuscripts<\/a>, the <a href=\"https:\/\/beithazohar.com\/en\/?p=82798\">Dictionary of the Zohar<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/beithazohar.com\/en\/print-and-edit-the-sefer-ha-zohar-jean-baumgarten\/\">Print and edit the Sefer ha-Zohar<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"wppdfemb-frame-container-1\" style=\"-webkit-overflow-scrolling:auto;\">\n\t\t\t<iframe class=\"pdfembed-iframe nonfullscreen wppdf-emb-iframe-1\"\n\t\t\t\tsrc=\"https:\/\/beithazohar.com\/en\/?pdfemb-data=eyJwZGZJRCI6OTg1NDEsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9iZWl0aGF6b2hhci5jb21cL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcLzIwMjZcLzA5XC93aWxoZWxtLWJhY2hlci1leGVnZXNlLWJpYmxpcXVlLWRhbnMtbGUtem9oYXItMTg5MS5wZGYiLCJ0aXRsZSI6IndpbGhlbG0tYmFjaGVyLWV4ZWdlc2UtYmlibGlxdWUtZGFucy1sZS16b2hhci0xODkxIiwiaW5kZXgiOjF9\"\n\t\t\t\ttitle=\"wilhelm-bacher-exegese-biblique-dans-le-zohar-1891\"\t\t\t\tdata-pdf-id=\"98541\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-pdf-index=\"1\"\n\t\t\t\tstyle=\"border:none;width:100%;max-width:100%;height:100vh;\"\n\t\t\t\tscrolling=\"yes\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t<\/iframe>\n\t\t<\/div>\n<p class=\"wp-block-pdfemb-pdf-embedder-viewer\">\n\n\n<h4 class=\"has-ast-global-color-0-color has-text-color wp-block-heading\"><strong>References<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Wilhelm Bacher, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.persee.fr\/doc\/rjuiv_0484-8616_1891_num_22_43_3719\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">L\u2019ex\u00e9g\u00e8se biblique dans le Zohar<\/a>,\u201d <em>Revue des \u00e9tudes juives<\/em>, vol. 22, no. 43, 1891, pp. 33-46.<\/li><li>Wilhelm Bacher, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.persee.fr\/doc\/rjuiv_0484-8616_1891_num_22_44_3748\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">L\u2019ex\u00e9g\u00e8se biblique dans le Zohar<\/a>\u201d (suite et fin), <em>Revue des \u00e9tudes juives<\/em>, vol. 22, no. 44, 1891, pp. 219-229.<\/li><li>Maurice Liber, \u201cW. 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class=\"wp-block-button__link uagb-text-link\" style=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/beithazohar.com\/en\/the-three-degrees-of-shabbat\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"bookmark noopener noreferrer\">Read this article<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='uagb-post__image'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"uagb-post__link-complete-box\" href=\"https:\/\/beithazohar.com\/en\/the-three-degrees-of-shabbat\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"bookmark noopener noreferrer\"><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<article class=\"uagb-post__inner-wrap\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"uagb-post__title uagb-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/beithazohar.com\/en\/sefer-yetsirah-nahmanides\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"bookmark noopener noreferrer\">Sefer Yetsirah \u2013 Nahmanides<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='uagb-post__text uagb-post-grid-byline'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"uagb-post__text uagb-post__cta wp-block-button\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"wp-block-button__link uagb-text-link\" style=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/beithazohar.com\/en\/sefer-yetsirah-nahmanides\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"bookmark noopener noreferrer\">Read this article<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='uagb-post__image'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"uagb-post__link-complete-box\" href=\"https:\/\/beithazohar.com\/en\/sefer-yetsirah-nahmanides\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"bookmark noopener noreferrer\"><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<article class=\"uagb-post__inner-wrap\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"uagb-post__title uagb-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/beithazohar.com\/en\/zohar-commentary\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"bookmark noopener noreferrer\">Zohar Commentary<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='uagb-post__text uagb-post-grid-byline'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"uagb-post__text uagb-post__cta wp-block-button\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"wp-block-button__link uagb-text-link\" style=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/beithazohar.com\/en\/zohar-commentary\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"bookmark noopener noreferrer\">Read this article<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='uagb-post__image'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"uagb-post__link-complete-box\" href=\"https:\/\/beithazohar.com\/en\/zohar-commentary\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"bookmark noopener noreferrer\"><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<article class=\"uagb-post__inner-wrap\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"uagb-post__title uagb-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/beithazohar.com\/en\/zohar-document-en\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"bookmark noopener noreferrer\">Zohar<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='uagb-post__text uagb-post-grid-byline'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"uagb-post__text uagb-post__cta wp-block-button\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"wp-block-button__link uagb-text-link\" style=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/beithazohar.com\/en\/zohar-document-en\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"bookmark noopener noreferrer\">Read this article<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='uagb-post__image'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"uagb-post__link-complete-box\" href=\"https:\/\/beithazohar.com\/en\/zohar-document-en\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"bookmark noopener noreferrer\"><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<article class=\"uagb-post__inner-wrap\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"uagb-post__title uagb-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/beithazohar.com\/en\/zohar-mantua\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"bookmark noopener noreferrer\">Zohar Mantua<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='uagb-post__text uagb-post-grid-byline'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"uagb-post__text uagb-post__cta wp-block-button\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"wp-block-button__link uagb-text-link\" style=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/beithazohar.com\/en\/zohar-mantua\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"bookmark noopener noreferrer\">Read this article<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='uagb-post__image'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"uagb-post__link-complete-box\" href=\"https:\/\/beithazohar.com\/en\/zohar-mantua\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"bookmark noopener noreferrer\"><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<article class=\"uagb-post__inner-wrap\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"uagb-post__title uagb-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/beithazohar.com\/en\/zohar-saba-demishpatim-2\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"bookmark noopener noreferrer\">Zohar Saba DeMishpatim<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='uagb-post__text uagb-post-grid-byline'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"uagb-post__text uagb-post__cta wp-block-button\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"wp-block-button__link uagb-text-link\" style=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/beithazohar.com\/en\/zohar-saba-demishpatim-2\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"bookmark noopener noreferrer\">Read this article<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='uagb-post__image'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/beithazohar.com\/en\/zohar-saba-demishpatim-2\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"bookmark noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"126\" height=\"126\" src=\"https:\/\/beithazohar.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/white-126.png\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"logo Beit Ha zohar\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"uagb-post__link-complete-box\" href=\"https:\/\/beithazohar.com\/en\/zohar-saba-demishpatim-2\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"bookmark noopener noreferrer\"><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\n<div class=\"bhz-related-view-all\"><a class=\"ast-button\" href=\"\/?page_id=23572\">See all Articles<\/a><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In 1891, Wilhelm Bacher examined how the Zohar interprets the Bible. Historical context, scholarly perspective and a complete facsimile bringing together both installments from the Revue des \u00e9tudes juives.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":98556,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_seopress_titles_title":"Biblical Exegesis in the Zohar \u2014 Wilhelm Bacher (1891)","_seopress_titles_desc":"Revisit Wilhelm Bacher\u2019s 1891 study of biblical exegesis in the Zohar, with historical context and a complete facsimile combining both installments.","_seopress_robots_index":"","_seopress_robots_follow":"","_seopress_robots_imageindex":"","_seopress_robots_snippet":"","_seopress_robots_primary_cat":"","_seopress_robots_breadcrumbs":"","_seopress_robots_freeze_modified_date":"","_seopress_robots_custom_modified_date":"","_seopress_robots_canonical":"","_seopress_social_fb_title":"Biblical Exegesis in the Zohar \u2014 Wilhelm Bacher 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